Which type of observation allows researchers to study natural behavior without manipulating the environment?

Natural observation is a research method that allows scientists to study behavior in its typical context without any manipulation of environmental factors or interventions by the researcher. This technique aims to capture spontaneous and genuine reactions from subjects as they engage in their normal activities, providing data that reflects real-world behavior. Because the researcher does not influence or interfere with the situation, the findings tend to be more representative of actual behavior.

The other types of observation involve varying degrees of intervention or a controlled setting. For example, controlled observation occurs in a structured environment where variables can be manipulated to observe their effects. Structured observation involves pre-determined categories for behavior, which can limit the natural responses of subjects. Participant observation, on the other hand, involves the researcher actively engaging in the environment being studied, which can alter the behavior of subjects. Therefore, natural observation stands out as the method that yields insights into authentic behavior occurrences without external influence.