What is operant conditioning?

Operant conditioning is defined as a learning process in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them, specifically through reinforcement or punishment. When a behavior is reinforced, it increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. Conversely, when a behavior is punished, it decreases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

This concept is primarily associated with B.F. Skinner, who conducted extensive research on how reinforcement and punishment can shape behavior. For example, a child who receives praise (a form of reinforcement) for doing their homework is more likely to continue doing homework in the future. On the other hand, if a child is scolded (a form of punishment) for misbehaving, they may be less likely to engage in that behavior again.

The other choices address different psychological concepts. Observational learning involves learning by watching others, which is categorized separately from operant conditioning. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, involves associating an involuntary response with a stimulus, distinct from the voluntary behaviors targeted by operant conditioning. Lastly, cognitive development refers to the changes in thinking and understanding that occur over a person's lifespan, which is unrelated to the reinforcement or punishment of behaviors. Thus, only choice that accurately captures the essence of