What effect does a variable ratio reinforcement schedule typically have on behavior?

A variable ratio reinforcement schedule is known for providing reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses have been made. This unpredictability creates a high level of engagement and persistence in behavior because individuals learn that their efforts can yield rewards at any moment, which motivates them to continue trying. This schedule is often associated with behaviors that are hard to extinguish, as the subject is kept guessing about when the next reward will come, leading to a strong and sustained response rate.

In contrast, other reinforcement schedules, such as fixed ratio or continuous reinforcement, may not provide the same level of motivation and can lead to different patterns of behavior. For instance, a fixed ratio schedule offers rewards after a specific number of responses, which can sometimes result in pauses in behavior after reinforcement is received, making it less consistent than the variable ratio schedule. Overall, the key characteristic of variable ratio reinforcement being effective in promoting persistent and consistent behavior is well-established in behavioral psychology.