What does the term "cognition" refer to in psychology?

Cognition in psychology refers to the array of mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. It encompasses various processes, including perception (how we interpret sensory information), memory (how we store and retrieve information), reasoning (how we draw conclusions from our knowledge), and problem-solving (how we find solutions to challenges). This definition captures the essential components of how individuals think and process information.

The other options focus on specific aspects that fall outside the broader definition of cognition. For instance, behavioral responses to environmental stimuli relate to observable actions and reactions, which are part of behaviorism rather than cognition itself. Social interactions pertain to interpersonal dynamics and how they shape behavior and attitudes, while emotional reactions concern feelings and affect rather than cognitive processes. Therefore, option C accurately encapsulates the fundamental nature of cognition as it relates to mental functions.