What does stereotype threat refer to in psychology?

Stereotype threat is a psychological phenomenon that arises when individuals feel at risk of conforming to negative stereotypes associated with their social group. This sense of apprehension can lead to anxiety and can negatively impact performance in various tasks. Research has shown that when individuals are aware of a negative stereotype about their group—be it related to race, gender, socioeconomic status, etc.—this awareness can hinder their ability to perform to their potential due to the stress of possibly confirming that stereotype.

For example, a female student in a math class may experience stereotype threat if she is consciously aware of the stereotype that women are not as good at math as men. This stress can distract her and ultimately affect her performance in the subject. Stereotype threat highlights how social and cultural factors can profoundly influence individual performance and attitudes.

The other options do not accurately capture the essence of stereotype threat. Affirming positive stereotypes does not typically lead to adverse effects; rather, it can sometimes enhance performance. Overcoming personal biases relates to individual perspectives rather than group-based threats. Lastly, the expectation of success pertains to an individual’s outlook or confidence in their abilities, which is distinct from the fear of reinforcing a negative stereotype.